Justicia distributiva, razón humanitaria y VIH-SIDA

Propósito/Contexto: este artículo analiza algunas injusticias que experimentan quienes viven con VIH-SIDA en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Metodología/Enfoque: se realiza una aproximación a la Bioética, buscando fundamentar el carácter distributivo de la justicia en relación con el VIH-SIDA; luego, a partir del trabajo académico de Didier Fassin, se aborda la categoría "razón humanitaria" para develar los desafíos que subyacen ante la ausencia de una política específica para el VIH-SIDA. Resultados/Hallazgos: se brindan recomendaciones que permiten transformar los espacios práctico-políticos de participación ciudadana para la toma de decisiones en salud, de tal manera que se asegure justicia política en el marco del VIH-SIDA. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones: el trabajo hace un aporte a la reflexión social de la bioética en América Latina y el Caribe porque expone un fenómeno moral concreto, el VIH-SIDA, desde un escenario cultural determinado (Bogotá), donde la vida, la dignidad y los derechos humanos están en juego por la ausencia de una política gubernamental que responda apropiadamente a la realidad serológica aquí enunciada.

Purpose/Background: This article analyzes some injustices experienced by those living with HIV-AIDS in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). Methodology/Approach: To this end, it makes an approach to bioethics seeking to support the distributive nature of justice in relation to HIV- AIDS; then, based on Didier Fassin's academic work, he addresses the humanitarian reason category to reveal the challenges that underlie the absence of a specific policy for HIV- AIDS. Results/Findings: It offers recommendations that allow transforming the practical-political spaces of citizen participation for decision-making in health, in such a way that political justice is ensured within the framework of HIV- AIDS. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions: The work makes a contribution to the social reflection of bioethics in Latin America and the Caribbean because it exposes a concrete moral phenomenon (HIV-AIDS), from a certain cultural scenario (Bogotá), where life, dignity and human rights are at stake due to the absence of a specific government policy that responds appropriately to the serological reality stated here.

Objetivo/Contexto: este artigo analisa algumas das injustiças vivenciadas por pessoas que vivem com HIV-AIDS na cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Metodologia/abordagem: é feita uma abordagem da bioética, buscando fundamentar a natureza distributiva da justiça em relação ao HIV-AIDS; em seguida, com base no trabalho acadêmico de Didier Fassin, a categoria de "razão humanitária" é abordada para revelar os desafios subjacentes à ausência de uma política específica para o HIV-AIDS. Resultados/conclusões: São fornecidas recomendações para transformar os espaços práticos-políticos para a participação dos cidadãos na tomada de decisões de saúde a fim de garantir a justiça política no contexto do HIV/AIDS. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições: o trabalho contribui para a reflexão social da bioética na América Latina e no Caribe porque expõe um fenômeno moral concreto, o HIV-AIDS, a partir de um cenário cultural específico (Bogotá), onde a vida, a dignidade e os direitos humanos estão em jogo devido à ausência de uma política governamental que responda adequadamente à realidade sorológica aqui enunciada.

A crise da razão objetiva, o predomínio da razão subjetiva e o campo da Educação Física / The crisis of objective reason, the predominance of subjective reason and the field of Physical Education / La crisis de la razón objetiva, el predominio de la razón subjetiva y el campo de la Educación Física

O presente estudo trata da crise da razão objetiva, da formalização da razão subjetiva, passando pela crise da razão no ocidente e chegando à crise da racionalidade na Educação Física. Trabalhamos com a ideia de que a razão subjetiva se desenvolveu mediante progressos técnicos e científicos, e a razão objetiva mergulhou em uma narrativa que julga as ações dos sujeitos a partir das circunstâncias. A cada dia há alienação exacerbada e torna os seres humanos marionetes no sistema capitalista de produção de mercadoria. Nesse sentido, a Educação Física é apresentada como uma razão objetivista com fundamentos de uma razão subjetiva "sem", contudo, avançar para uma única matriz de referência epistemológica, mas que nem por isso devemos deixar de repensá-la por outros modos. Defendemos a cultura corporal como objeto de estudo do campo e a necessidade da manutenção das subáreas da biodinâmica, sociocultural e pedagógica para o desenvolvimento do campo, apesar das lutas e disputas em jogo nesse campo.

The present study deals with the crisis of objective reason, the formalization of subjective reason, going through the crisis of reason in the West and arriving at the crisis of rationality in Physical Education. We developed the idea that subjective reason was developed through technical and scientific progress, and objective reason was immersed in a narrative that judges the actions of subjects based on circumstances. Every day there is exacerbated alienation and makes human beings puppets within the capitalist system of commodity production. In this sense, Physical Education is presented as an objectivist reason based on a subjective reason "without", however, moving towards a single epistemological reference matrix, but that does not mean that we must rethink it in other ways. We defend body culture as an object of study in the field and the need to maintain the subareas of biodynamics, sociocultural and pedagogical for the development of the field, despite the struggles and disputes at stake in the field.

El presente estudio aborda la crisis de la razón objetiva, la formalización de la razón subjetiva, pasando por la crisis de la razón en Occidente y llegando a la crisis de la racionalidad en la Educación Física. Desarrollamos la idea de que la razón subjetiva se desarrolló a través del progreso técnico y científico, y la razón objetiva estaba inmersa en una narrativa que juzga las acciones de los sujetos en función de las circunstancias. Cada día se exacerba la alienación y se convierte a los seres humanos en marionetas dentro del sistema capitalista de producción de mercancías. En este sentido, la Educación Física se presenta como una razón objetivista basada en una razón subjetiva "sin", sin embargo, avanzar hacia una única matriz epistemológica de referencia, pero eso no significa que debamos repensarla de otras maneras. Defendemos la cultura corporal como objeto de estudio en el campo y la necesidad de mantener las subáreas de biodinámica, sociocultural y pedagógica para el desarrollo del campo, a pesar de las luchas y disputas en juego en el campo.

Motivos para el ingreso en el posgrado stricto sensu - una investigación con estudiantes de una IES pública / Motivos para o ingresso na pós-graduação stricto sensu - uma pesquisa com estudantes de uma ies pública / Reasons for entering the stricto sensu postgraduate course - a survey with students from a public hei

No mundo gerido pelas relações de trabalho, a escolha por realizar um curso após a conclusão da graduação vislumbra possíveis perspectivas em termos profissionais. Fundamentada na Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, a pesquisa aqui apresentada teve como objetivo conhecer os motivos relatados por estudantes de pós-graduação stricto sensu da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) para o ingresso no curso. De caráter quali-quanti, o estudo envolveu aplicação de questionário on-line, pela Plataforma SurveyMonkey, respondido por 374 estudantes de 36 programas de mestrado e doutorado. A análise de dados foi realizada por meio do Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) e da análise de conteúdo e propiciou a organização das respostas em quatro eixos de análise: a) Carreira acadêmica; b) Qualificação profissional para inserção no mercado de trabalho e aumento salarial; c) Aprofundar conhecimentos / Pesquisa, d) Questões pessoais/ Falta de opção. Os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento precisam ser compreendidos e mediados por ações pedagógicas intencionalmente elaboradas e destinadas a esse público na universidade. Além disso, o motivo gerador de sentido para a realização de um mestrado ou doutorado precisa vincular-se ao significado social da pós-graduação de modo ampliado, visando à formação e à emancipação humana.

En el mundo dirigido por las relaciones de trabajo, la elección por realizar un curso tras la conclusión de la graduación vislumbra posibles perspectivas en términos profesionales. Fundamentada en la Psicología Histórico-cultural, la investigación aquí presentada tuvo como objetivo conocer los motivos relatados por estudiantes de posgrado stricto sensu de la Universidad Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) para el ingreso en el curso. De carácter cuali-cuanti, el estudio abarcó aplicación de cuestionario on-line, por la Plataforma SurveyMonkey, contestado por 374 estudiantes de 36 programas de maestría y doctorado. El análisis de datos se realizó por intermedio del Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) y del análisis de contenido y propició la organización de las respuestas en cuatro ejes de análisis: a) Carrera académica; b) Cualificación profesional para inserción en el mercado laboral y aumento salarial; c) Profundizar conocimientos / Pesquisa, d) Cuestiones personales/ Falta de opción. Los procesos de aprendizaje y desarrollo necesitan ser comprendidos y mediados por acciones pedagógicas intencionalmente elaboradas y destinadas a ese público en la universidad. Además de eso, el motivo generador de sentido para la realización de un curso de maestría o doctorado necesita vincularse al significado social del posgrado de modo ampliado, visando la formación y a la emancipación humana.

In the world managed by labor relations, choosing to take a course after completing graduation envisions possible perspectives in professional terms. Based on Historical-Cultural Psychology, the research presented here aimed to know the reasons reported by stricto sensu graduate students at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) for entering the course. It is a quali-quanti nature study, which involved the application of an online questionnaire, through the SurveyMonkey Platform, answered by 374 students from 36 master's and doctoral programs. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and content analysis and allowed the organization of responses into four axes of analysis: a) Academic career; b) Professional qualification for insertion in the labor market and salary increase; c) Deepening knowledge / Research, d) Personal issues / Lack of options. The learning and development processes need to be understood and mediated by pedagogical actions intentionally designed and aimed at this public at the university. In addition, the reason that generates meaning for pursuing a master's or doctorate needs to be linked to the social meaning of postgraduate studies in an expanded way, aiming at training and human emancipation.

Conversion to thoracotomy during minimally invasive esophagectomy: Retrospective analysis in a single center / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective     To explore the causes of conversion to thoracotomy in patients with minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in a surgical team, and to obtain a deeper understanding of the timing of conversion in MIE. Methods     The clinical data of patients who underwent MIE between September 9, 2011 and February 12, 2022 by a single surgical team in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. The main influencing factors and perioperative mortality of patients who converted to thoracotomy in this group were analyzed. Results     In the cohort of 791 consecutive patients with MIE, there were 520 males and 271 females, including 29 patients of multiple esophageal cancer, 156 patients of upper thoracic cancer, 524 patients of middle thoracic cancer, and 82 patients of lower thoracic cancer. And 46 patients were converted to thoracotomy for different causes. The main causes for thoracotomy were advanced stage tumor (26 patients), anesthesia-related factors (5 patients), extensive thoracic adhesions (6 patients), and accidental injury of important structures (8 patients). There was a statistical difference in the distribution of tumor locations between patients who converted to thoracotomy and the MIE patients (P<0.05). The proportion of multiple and upper thoracic cancer in patients who converted to thoracotomy was higher than that in the MIE patients, while the proportion of lower thoracic cancer was lower than that in the MIE patients. The perioperative mortality of the thoracotomy patients was not significantly different from that of the MIE patients (P=1.000). Conclusion     In MIE, advanced-stage tumor, anesthesia-related factors,extensive thoracic adhesions, and accidental injury of important structures are the main causes of conversion to thoracotomy. The rate varies at different tumor locations. Intraoperative conversion to thoracotomy does not affect the perioperative mortality of MIE.

Study on the reasons of the interruption of Chinese residents' physical fitness behavior / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To discusses the formation mechanism and influencing factors of sports fitness behavior interruption.Methods:From January 1st to April 30th in 2015, the adults aged 20 and above in the national survey of fitness activities were selected as the research objects to analyze the reasons for the interruption of fitness behavior of Chinese residents, including 32 877 people with fitness habits and 5 152 people with interrupted fitness habits.SPSS 19.0 and AMOS 17.0 software were used to process the data.The chi-square test was used to analyze the characteristics and changing trend of people who interrupted physical fitness behavior.Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to categorize public factors of residents' physical fitness behavior characteristics.Validating factor analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the main reasons affecting the disruption of residents' physical fitness behaviors.Results:The fitness interruption behavior among Chinese residents were statistically significant different in terms of age, gender, and habitation( χ2=2.791, 199.435, 12.402, all P<0.05). The highest percentage of fitness interruptions was observed among residents aged 20-39 (19.1%) in China, women (16.2%) were higher than men (15.5%), and urban (16.4%) were higher than rural (14.9%). Factor classification and model analysis showed that the occurrence of disruptions in physical fitness behavior among Chinese residents was influenced by a combination of health factors( β=0.52), social environment( β=0.57), psychological factors( β=0.42), and fitness behavior environment( β=0.22). Conclusion:The occurrence of disruption of physical fitness behavior of our residents is mainly influenced by the combination of health factors, psychological factors, social environment, and fitness behavior environment.

Changes in Outpatient Visits to the Family Medicine Centre at a Medium-Sized Urban Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Patient Characteristics and Reason for Encounter / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

Introduction: This study assessed the changes in outpatient visits during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Subjects were patients who visited the outpatient clinic of the Family Medicine Centre at Kanai Hospital between April and May in 2019 and 2020. We compared the number of outpatients, their age, and their reasons for encounter (RFEs) classified according to the International Classification of Primary Care, 2nd Edition between 2019 and 2020.Results: A total of 1159 patients in 2019 and 859 patients in 2020 were evaluated. There were 553 male patients in 2019 and 452 in 2020 (P =0.029). The mean age of the patients was 48.4 years in 2019 and 52.4 years in 2020 (P =0.010). The mean number of patients per day was 25.2 in 2019 and 17.9 in 2020 (P < 0.001), with a significant reduction in patients aged 0-4 years in 2020 relative to 2019 (3.64 in 2019 vs.1.02 in 2020; P < 0.001). On evaluation of RFEs classified by organic system, the proportion of respiratory RFEs decreased from 45.3% in 2019 to 31.6% in 2020 (P =0.026), and gastrointestinal RFEs decreased from 17.9% to 5.3% (P =0.003) among children. Among adults, the proportion of respiratory RFEs decreased from 22.6% in 2019 to 15.6% in 2020 (P < 0.001) and skin RFEs decreased from 20.1% in 2019 to 15.3% in 2020 (P =0.011).Conclusion: The number of outpatients decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were differences in the proportion of RFEs between the two periods.

Uma introdução sobre a dialética desejo e razão em Aristóteles e na psicanálise: aplicações para as práticas corporais / An introduction to dialethics desire and reason in aristotle and psychoanalysis: applications for body practices / Introducción al deseo y la razón de dialética en aristóteles y psicoanálisis: aplicaciones para prácticas corporales

Este trabalho investiga a relação dialética entre desejo e razão, pensando-a no contexto das práticas corporais. Inicialmente, examinou-se a questão na filosofia grega, que circunscreve essa dialética em um projeto teleológico da "boa vida". Em seguida, analisou-se como essa dialética se comporta a partir do advento da teoria psicanalítica, discutindo continuidades e rupturas com a tradição aristotélica a partir do destaque ao papel do inconsciente. Conclui-se que a dialética entre desejo e razão pode conferir aportes importantes às reflexões sobre as práticas corporais por meio de conceitos que antes pareciam incompatíveis, promovendo uma via ainda pouco explorada nos estudos do corpo e do movimento (AU).

This work investigates the dialectical relationship between desire and reason, thinking it in the context of bodily practices. Initially, the question was examined in Greek philosophy, in a teleological project of the "good life". Then, it was analyzed how this dialectic behaves from the advent of psychoanalytic theory, discussing continuities and ruptures with the Aristotelian tradition based on the emphasis on the role of the unconscious. It is concluded that the dialectic between desire and reason can give important contributions to the reflections on corporal practices through concepts that previously seemed incompatible, promoting a path that is still little explored in the studies of the body and movemen (AU).

Este trabajo investiga la relación dialéctica entre el deseo y la razón, pensando en el contexto de las prácticas corporales. La cuestión fue examinada en la filosofía griega, que circunscribe esta dialéctica en un proyecto teleológico de la "buena vida". Luego, se analizó cómo se comporta esta dialéctica desde el advenimiento de la teoría psicoanalítica, discutiendo continuidades y rupturas basadas en el papel del inconsciente. Se concluye que la dialéctica entre el deseo y la razón puede proporcionar contribuciones importantes a las reflexiones sobre las prácticas corporales a través de conceptos que antes parecían incompatibles, promoviendo un camino que aún se explora poco en los estudios del cuerpo y el movimiento (AU).

Representações sociais sobre a escolha da enfermagem na perspectiva de estudantes do sexo masculino

RESUMO Introdução: A enfermagem é uma profissão exercida por ambos os sexos, embora que historicamente o sexo feminino sempre se apresentou predominante. Atualmente observa-se um aumento de homens destacando-se na profissão, apesar do imaginário social reconhecer o homem com menos conhecimento no processo do cuidar. Objetivo: Analisar as representações sociais da carreira profissional em enfermagem para estudantes do sexo masculino que cursam o bacharelado. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo, desenvolvido em uma instituição privada de ensino superior, na cidade do Recife/Pernambuco/Brasil. A população foi constituída por alunos do sexo masculino, matriculados entre o 1° ao 10º período no curso de graduação em enfermagem no ano de 2018. A amostra foi composta por 24 alunos que atenderam aos critérios estabelecidos. Foi utilizado instrumento semiestruturado contendo três questões sobre o tema do estudo. Os resultados foram analisados à luz da análise de conteúdo, com base na teoria das representações sociais. Resultados: A enfermagem é compreendida como ciência do cuidado, porém há desafios enfrentados pelos estudantes que escolhem a profissão. Estes reconhecem a existência de uma visão estereotipada e sexista que questiona sobre masculinidade. Esta pode influenciar o comportamento do profissional em sua percepção e valorização. Conclusão: É imperiosa a necessidade de mudanças na imagem da enfermagem, uma vez que o valor do cuidado não deve estar centrado no sexo do profissional. Faz-se necessária visibilidade para desconstrução de estereótipos e preconceitos que possam interferir no processo do cuidado.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermería es una profesión ejercida por ambos sexos, aunque históricamente el sexo femenino siempre ha sido predominante. Actualmente, hay un aumento en los hombres que se destacan en la profesión, a pesar del imaginario social que reconoce a los hombres con menos conocimiento en el proceso de atención. Objetivo: Analizar las representaciones sociales de las carreras profesionales de enfermería para estudiantes varones que cursan una licenciatura. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, cualitativo, desarrollado en una institución privada de educación superior, en la ciudad de Recife/Pernambuco/Brasil. La población estuvo compuesta por estudiantes varones, matriculados entre el primer y el décimo período en el curso de pregrado de enfermería en 2018. La muestra consistió en 24 estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios establecidos. Se utilizó un instrumento semiestructurado, que contiene tres preguntas sobre el tema de estudio. Los resultados se analizaron a la luz del análisis de contenido, basado en la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Resultados: La enfermería se entiende como una ciencia de la atención, pero los estudiantes que eligen la profesión enfrentan desafíos. Reconocen la existencia de una visión estereotipada y sexista que cuestiona la masculinidad. Esto puede influir en el comportamiento del profesional en su percepción y apreciación. Conclusión: Es imprescindible cambiar la imagen de la enfermería, ya que el valor de la atención no debe centrarse en el sexo del profesional. La visibilidad es necesaria para deconstruir estereotipos y prejuicios que puedan interferir en el proceso de atención.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nursing is a profession practiced by both sexes, although historically the female sex has always been the predominant one. Currently, there is an increase in the number of men who stand out in the profession, despite the social imaginary that recognizes men as having less knowledge in the care process. Objective: To analyze the social representations of professional nursing careers among male students majoring for a bachelor's degree. Methods: Descriptive, exploratory and qualitative study carried out in a private higher education institution in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The population consisted of male students enrolled in the undergraduate Nursing course, between the first and tenth periods, in 2018. The sample consisted of 24 students who met the established criteria. A semistructured instrument was used, which contains three questions on the subject of study. The results were analyzed following content analysis, based on the theory of social representations. Results: Nursing is understood as a science of care, but the students who choose the profession face challenges. They recognize the existence of a stereotypical and sexist vision that questions masculinity. This can influence the professional's behavior regarding the perception and appreciation of nursing. Conclusion: It is essential to change the image of nursing, since the value of care should not focus on the gender of the professional. Visibility is necessary to deconstruct stereotypes and prejudices that may interfere with the care process.

Uma introdução sobre a dialética desejo e razão em Aristóteles e na psicanálise: aplicações para as práticas corporais / An introduction to dialethics desire and reason in aristotle and psychoanalysis: applications for body practices / Introducción al deseo y la razón de dialética en aristóteles y psicoanálisis: aplicaciones para prácticas corporales

Este trabalho investiga a relação dialética entre desejo e ra-zão, pensando-a no contexto das práticas corporais. Inicialmente, exa-minou-se a questão na filosofia grega, que circunscreve essa dialética em um projeto teleológico da "boa vida". Em seguida, analisou-se como essa dialética se comporta a partir do advento da teoria psicanalítica, discutindo continuidades e rupturas com a tradição aristotélica a partir do destaque ao papel do inconsciente. Conclui-se que a dialética entre desejo e razão pode conferir aportes importantes às reflexões sobre as práticas corporais por meio de conceitos que antes pareciam incompatí-veis, promovendo uma via ainda pouco explorada nos estudos do corpo e do movimento.

This work investigates the dialectical relationship between desire and reason, thinking it in the context of bodily practices. Initially, the question was examined in Greek philosophy, in a teleological project of the "good life". Then, it was analyzed how this dialectic behaves from the advent of psychoanalytic theory, discussing continuities and ruptures with the Aristotelian tradition based on the emphasis on the role of the unconscious. It is concluded that the dialectic between desire and reason can give important contributions to the reflections on corporal practices through concepts that previously seemed incompatible, promoting a path that is still little explored in the studies of the body and movement.

Este trabajo investiga la relación dialéctica entre el deseo y la razón, pensando en el contexto de las prácticas corporales. La cuestión fue examinada en la filosofía griega, que circunscribe esta dialéctica en un proyecto teleológico de la "buena vida". Luego, se analizó cómo se comporta esta dialéctica desde el advenimiento de la teoría psicoanalítica, discutiendo continuidades y rupturas basadas en el papel del inconsciente. Se concluye que la dialéctica entre el deseo y la razón puede proporcionar contribuciones importantes a las reflexiones sobre las prácticas corporales a través de conceptos que antes parecían incompatibles, promoviendo un camino que aún se explora poco en los estudios del cuerpo y el movimiento.

De moralidad y eticidad. Dos dimensiones para la bioética / Morality and ethics. Two dimensions for bioethics

La Bioética tiene como reto argumentar en un contexto de multiplicidad de voces éticas. El mundo de hoy está constituido por "amigos" y "extraños" morales, al decir de T. Engelhardt, lo que torna difícil la búsqueda de autoridad moral con base en un mismo contenido. La Bioética debe proponer interpretaciones y noemas para la acción en diversos escenarios: justicia sanitaria, investigación clínica, biodiversidad, genética, entre otros. Siendo éste el reto de la Bioética, resulta útil distinguir, según ha expuesto J. Habermas, lo pragmático, lo ético y lo moral como diferentes usos de la Razón Práctica. Se trata de un lenguaje que pertenece a la tradición kantiana, de la cual hoy todos formamos parte cuando se hace filosofía sobre lo moral. A pesar de que T. Engelhardt no cree en la Teoría de la Acción Comunicativa de Habermas como solución al problema moral contemporáneo, el lenguaje de este último puede ser clave para el ámbito de la Bioética

Bioethics, in providing a stage for interdisciplinary discussion has as its challenge to argue in a context in which there is a multiplicity of ethical voices. The world today, consists of moral "relatives" and moral "strangers", as said by T Engelhardt; the difficulty lies in the return to the search for a moral authority with a communal base content. Bioethics must put forth interpretations and appoint norms for the working in diverse scenarios as justice in health, clinical research, biodiversity and genetics amongst others. This challenge for bioethics results in a useful distinction, following that, which has been expressed by J. Habermas: the pragmatic, the ethical and moral used as different applications of Practical Reason. Furthermore to speak of a language which belongs to the Kantian tradition, of which today we are all part whenever philosophy concerns that which is moral. Despite the fact that T Engelhardt does not believe Habermas´s Theory of Communicative Action to be a solution to the contemporary moral problem, the language of this work may be vital for the field of Bioethics

A Bioética tem como desafio argumentar num contexto de multiplicidade de vozes éticas. O mundo hoje está constituído por "amigos" e "estranhos" morais, no dizer de T. Engelhardt, o que torna difícil a busca de autoridade moral tendo como base um único conteúdo. A Bioética deve propor interpretações e normas para ação em diversos cenários: justiça sanitária, investigação clínica, biodiversidade, genética, entre outros. Sendo este o desafio da Bioética, parece útil distinguir, como já exposto por J. Habermas, o pragmático, o ético e o moral como diferentes aportes da Razão Prática. Trata-se de linguagem que tem origem na tradição kantiana, da qual todos fazemos parte quando se refere a filosofia sobre moral.Mesmo considerando que T. Engelhardt não acredita na teoria da Ação Comunicativa de Habermas como instrumento para a solução do problema moral contemporâneo, a linguagem desse último pensador pode ser decisiva para a Bioética

Crítica da razão clínica em Lacan e sua inflexão política / Critique of clinical reason in Lacan and its political inflection / Crítica de la razón clínica en Lacan y su inflexión política

O presente ensaio busca, em um movimento retroativo, demonstrar que há no que chamamos de uma crítica da racionalidade clínica, realizada por Jacques Lacan no interior do freudismo, um rudimento de crítica da ideologia em sua raiz cínica. Nesse sentido, Lacan teria de alguma maneira se adiantado à ideia de que a modernidade tardia seria perpassada por uma racionalidade cínica, diagnóstico de época que influenciou fortemente filósofos políticos contemporâneos tais como Zizek e Safatle. Assim, buscamos explicitar tal premissa, destacando ainda outros pontos que levam a clínica psicanalítica a coincidir com a crítica social. À guisa de ilustração realizamos ainda uma brevíssima análise da conjuntura política brasileira atual enquanto expressão máxima da ideologia cínica. Partimos, por fim, da perspectiva de que o método crítico e a possibilidade de expansão para além da clínica stricto sensu seriam características inerentes à práxis psicanalítica desde Freud.

The present essay seeks, in a retroactive movement, to demonstrate that there is in a critique of clinical rationality, performed by Jacques Lacan within Freudianism, a rudiment of critique of ideology at its cynical foundation. In this sense, Lacan would have advanced the idea that late modernity would be permeated by a cynical rationality, epoch diagnosis that influenced contemporary political philosophers such as Zizek and Safatle. Thus, we seek to explain this relationship, highlighting other points that lead the psychoanalytic clinic to coincide with social criticism. By way of illustration, we also carried out a brief analysis of the current Brazilian political situation as the maximum expression of the cynical ideology. Finally, we start from the perspective that the critical method and the possibility of expansion beyond the clinical stricto sensu would be characteristics inherent in psychoanalytic praxis since Freud.

El presente ensayo busca, en un movimiento retroactivo, demostrar que hay en lo que llamamos una crítica de la racionalidad clínica, realizada por Jacques Lacan en el interior del freudismo, un rudimento de crítica de la ideología en su raíz cínica. En este sentido, Lacan habría predicho la idea de que la modernidad tardía estaría impregnada de una racionalidad cínica, diagnóstico de época que influyó fuertemente en los filósofos políticos contemporáneos como Zizek y Safatle. Por lo tanto, buscamos hacer explícita esta premisa, destacando otros puntos que hacen que la clínica psicoanalítica coincida con la crítica social. Para ilustrar, también realizamos un análisis breve de la situación política brasileña actual como la máxima expresión de la ideología cínica. Finalmente, partimos desde la perspectiva de que el método crítico y la posibilidad de expansión más allá de la clínica stricto sensu serían características inherentes a la praxis psicoanalítica desde Freud.

Subasta de vidas y humanitarismo estratégico: la Unión Europea y la crisis de refugiados desde una óptica crítica / Auctioning of lives and strategic humanitarianism: the European Union and the refugee crisis from a critical perspective / Leilão de vidas e humanitarismo estratégico: a União Europeia e a crise dos refugiados sob uma perspectiva crítica

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como propósito analizar las consecuencias de la crisis de refugiados que experimentó la Unión Europea en el 2015. A través de un marco teórico denominado «realismo crítico¼, se pudo establecer que la crisis de refugiados en Europa no fue abordada con base en los principios humanitarios que inspiran los fundamentos de la Unión, sino más bien a través de diversas medidas soberanistas que tienen como fin poner freno a la entrada de más refugiados; la crisis también puso en evidencia la relativa fragilidad institucional de esa institución, reflejada en su incapacidad para crear un sistema centralizado dirigido a distribuir proporcionalmente la población refugiada a lo largo de Europa. Sin embargo, la Unión Europea sí cumplió con una función básica: a través de diversas medidas sustentadas en los intereses individuales de "seguridad", detuvo la entrada y de hecho rechazó a centenares de miles de refugiados que esperaban entrar a Europa. El presente trabajo sostendrá que esas medidas son producto de cierto atavismo identitario (racista), así como una estrategia de diversos actores que instrumentalizaron la crisis para avanzar en sus agendas políticas.

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the consequences of the refugee crisis experienced by the European Union in 2015. Through a specific theoretical framework called "critical realism", it was established that the refugee crisis in Europe was not addressed on the basis of the humanitarian principles that inspire the foundations of the Union, but rather through various sovereign measures that aim to curb the entry of more refugees; the crisis also highlighted the relative institutional fragility of that institution, reflected in its inability to create a centralized system aimed at distributing proportionally the refugee population throughout Europe. However; the European Union did fulfill a basic function: through various measures based on the individual interests of "security" stopped entry and in fact rejected hundreds of miles of refugees waiting to enter Europe. This paper will argue that these measures are the product of a certain (racist) identity atavism, as well as a strategy of various actors that who instrumentalized the crisis to advance their political agendas.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as consequências da crise de refugiados vivenciada pela União Europeia em 2015. Por meio de um referencial teórico chamado "realismo crítico", foi estabelecido que a crise de refugiados na Europa não era tratada com base nos princípios humanitários que inspiram as fundações da União, mas através de várias medidas soberanas que visam coibir a entrada de mais refugiados; A crise também destacou a relativa fragilidade institucional dessa instituição, refletida em sua incapacidade de criar um sistema centralizado destinado a distribuir proporcionalmente a população de refugiados em toda a Europa. No entanto, a União Europeia cumpriu uma função básica: através de várias medidas baseadas nos interesses individuais da "segurança", interrompeu a entrada e, de fato, rejeitou centenas de milhares de refugiados que esperavam para entrar na Europa. O presente trabalho sustentará que essas medidas são o produto de um certo atavismo de identidade (racista), bem como uma estratégia de vários atores que instrumentalizaram a crise para avançar em suas agendas políticas.

Responsabilidad de Proteger: entre el realismo clásico y la ética internacional, una aproximación al caso de Siria / The responsability to protect: between classical realism and international ethics, an approach to the case of Syria / Responsabilidade de Proteger: entre o realismo clássico e a ética internacional, uma abordagem para o caso da Síria

RESUMEN El concepto de Responsabilidad de Proteger (R2P) ha generado diversas posturas siendo un principio implementado como herramienta de las Naciones Unidas. Para lograr entender la aplicación de esta medida de intervención humanitaria, se realiza una revisión de sus antecedentes, seguido del análisis realista según los pilares en que se encuentra fundamentada. Posteriormente y por medio del análisis del caso de Siria se identificarán fortalezas y debilidades de este compromiso político caracterizado por la prevención, respuesta oportuna y reconstrucción de comunidades en crisis, en donde se ve amenazada la sociedad civil por genocidio, crímenes de guerra, depuración étnica y crímenes de lesa humanidad.

ABSTRACT The concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has generated various positions being a principle implemented as a tool of the United Nations. In order to understand the application of this humanitarian intervention measure, carry out a review of its background, follow the realistic analysis according to the pillars on which it is based. Later and through the analysis of the case of Syria, strengths and weaknesses of this specific political commitment will be identified for the prevention, timely response and reconstruction of communities in crisis, where civil society is threatened by genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.

RESUMO O conceito de Responsabilidade de Proteger (R2P) tem gerado diversas posições sendo um princípio implementado como uma ferramenta das Nações Unidas. A fim de compreender a aplicação desta medida de intervenção humanitária, é feita uma revisão dos seus antecedentes, seguida de uma análise realista de acordo com os pilares em que se baseia. Posteriormente, e através da análise do caso sírio, serão identificados os pontos fortes e fracos deste compromisso político caracterizado pela prevenção, resposta atempada e reconstrução das comunidades em crise, onde a sociedade civil está ameaçada por genocídio, crimes de guerra, limpeza étnica e crimes contra a humanidade.

Riqueza, pobreza e infância: o reformismo ilustrado português e a utilidade dos expostos / Wealth, poverty, and childhood: Portuguese enlightened reforms and the usefulness of unwanted children

Resumo Em meados do século XVIII, a associação entre "gente" e "riqueza" reemergiu como uma tópica relevante para a literatura da razão de Estado, em que, por extensão, sedimentou-se um conjunto de controvérsias a respeito das melhores formas de aproveitar os enjeitados como população útil. Tanto na América quanto na Europa, a ênfase em torno da utilidade dos expostos indicava uma inflexão que secundarizou os significados religiosos do auxílio às crianças em favor dos interesses do Estado. Este artigo analisa os sentidos das reformas da assistência aos expostos em um período de aumento global dos índices de abandono e, em simultâneo, de endividamento de boa parte das instituições de acolhimento.

Abstract In the mid-eighteenth century, the association between "gentry" and "wealth" reemerged as a topic of relevance in the literature of the reason of State, in which, by extension, a number of controversies about the best ways to make use of abandoned children took root. In the Americas, as in Europe, the emphasis on the usefulness of unwanted children indicated a new slant in which the religious significance of caring for children was subordinated to state interests. A discussion is presented of the meanings of the reforms of care for unwanted children at a time of an overall increase in rates of abandonment and, simultaneously, of indebtedness of many of the institutions where they were taken in.

Admissions to a sick new born care unit in a secondary care hospital: Profile and outcomes

Background: To reduce neonatal mortality in North Bihar, evidence is required about the impact of sick newborn care units (SNCUs) in secondary level hospitals on mortality at the end of the neonatal period. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the profile of neonates admitted to an SNCU and the outcome at the completion of neonatal period. Methods: A cohort of neonates admitted from March to June 2014 to an SNCU was assessed through family interviews and hospital records. Demographic details (age, sex, and socioeconomic status) and clinical details (antenatal care, birthplace, weight, diagnosis, and family history) were documented. Follow-up was done at discharge or death or referral and the completion of neonatal period. The primary outcome was survival at the completion of neonatal period. Secondary outcomes were case fatality rate at discharge and weight gain. Results: Of 210 neonates assessed, 87.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 82.4–91.4) survived till the end of the neonatal period. The case fatality rate at the time of discharge was 0.9% (95% CI 0.3–3.4). Majority of the diagnoses were infections, hyperbilirubinemia, and infant of diabetic mother. Mean weight gain at the end of neonatal period (n = 157) was 706 g (P = 0.00). Sex ratio at admission was 567 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI 428/1000–751/1000). No neonate from lower socioeconomic families was admitted. Conclusions: SNCUs in remote areas can bring down neonatal mortality in North Bihar. Unequal access of SNCUs services to girls and lower socioeconomic groups highlighted the existing barriers which require attention.

The reasons and countermeasures for repeated retreat of sci-tech periodical papers / 中华地方病学杂志

Manuscript retreat is an important link in the publication of sci-tech periodical papers, including the academic perfection of the paper and modification according to the requirements of the journal publishing standard. It is an important procedure to guarantee the quality of academic and periodical. Repeated retreat will lead to a longer paper publishing cycle, affecting the timeliness of the paper. Taking "Chinese Journal of Endemiology" as an example, this paper summarizes the reasons for repeated retreat of sci-tech periodical papers from three aspects: author, reviewer and editor, and puts forward the countermeasures.

Overall Evaluation on Mutual Detoxication Mechanism of Tripterygii Radix et Rhizoma and Lysimachiae Herba by Correlation Analysis of “Chemical Composition Spectrum-attenuation Spectrum-biological Information Spectrum” / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To overall evaluate the mutual detoxication mechanism of Tripterygii Radix et Rhizoma(LGT) compatible with Lysimachiae Herba(JQC) in tumor-bearing state.Method: Twelve differentially characteristic components before and after compatibility were used as chemical composition spectrum,six indicators including serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),creatinine(Cr) and urea nitrogen(BUN),malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in the liver and kidney tissues were used as attenuation spectrum,and twelve biological indicators including glutathione(GSH),glutathione-S-transferase(GST),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and interleukin(IL)-10 in the liver and kidney were used as the biological information spectrum.Mutual detoxication mechanisms of LGT compatible with JQC in tumor-bearing state were overall evaluated by principal component analysis(PCA),and the contribution of chemical components and biological indicators to mutual detoxication was further evaluated by gray correlation analysis(GCA) of "chemical composition spectrum-attenuation spectrum-biological information spectrum".Result: Compared with the model group,the attenuation spectrum scores Z values of S180(Z1 value) and H22(Z3 value) increased significantly after LGT being used alone(PZ1 value and Z3 value caused by LGT when the ratio of LGT and JQC was 4:1,2:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:4(PZ values(Z1 value and Z3 value) of LGT-JQC in the mass ratios including 4:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:4 was significantly higher than that in the ratio of 2:1(PZ values of the bioinformatics scores in the S180(Z2 value) and H22(Z4 value) tumor-bearing state,these two values were significantly increased after compatibility with JQC.The chemical components contributing the most to the attenuating effect of S180 and H22 in tumor-bearing state were 3# and 10#,respectively.The most important biological indicators were kidney GPx and renal GSH.Conclusion: LGT combined with JQC in the mass ratio of 4:1-1:4 can attenuate LGT-induced subacute toxicity in S180 and H22 tumor-bearing state,and the best ratio of such effect is 2:1.The attenuating effect reflects the thought of "there is no reason why there is no meteorology".The mechanism of attenuating action involves antioxidative damage and anti-inflammatory reaction of the liver and kidney,especially the renal GPx(S180) and renal GSH(H22) as the greatest contribution to the detoxication mechanism.

Alternative Tobacco Products Use among Late Adolescents in Kelantan, Malaysia / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: The rising prevalence of alternative tobacco and nicotine products (ATNPs) use among adolescents is a global concern that has been attributed to the reemergence of preexisting alternative tobacco products and emergence of new ones in the market. This study examined ATNP use among late adolescents. The association between ATNP use and reasons for using them was explored. METHODS: This cross-sectional study conducted in 2016 involving 388 late adolescents from six government colleges in Kelantan, Malaysia, aged 18 to 19 years. They were requested to answer self-directed questionnaires with items on sociodemographic information and types of ATNP used. Other variables obtained include the environmental influence and reasons for using the products. Regression analyses between the dependent and independent variables were conducted using IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The prevalence of ATNP use among late adolescents was 14.4%. The male sex, cigarette smoking status, and peer use were significantly associated with ATNP use. Several reasons for use were not significantly associated with ATNP use: perception of ATNP being less harmful and less addictive compared with cigarettes, curiosity, less expensive than cigarettes, to aid smoking cessation, and pleasurable flavors and taste. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ATNP use among late adolescents studying in government colleges in Kelantan is significant. There is higher perception on ATNP being less harmful and addictive than the conventional cigarette among the users compared with non-users. Significant associations are seen for the male sex, peer use, and concurrent cigarette smoking.

The reasons and countermeasures for repeated retreat of sci-tech periodical papers / 中华地方病学杂志

Manuscript retreat is an important link in the publication of sci-tech periodical papers, including the academic perfection of the paper and modification according to the requirements of the journal publishing standard. It is an important procedure to guarantee the quality of academic and periodical. Repeated retreat will lead to a longer paper publishing cycle, affecting the timeliness of the paper. Taking "Chinese Journal of Endemiology" as an example, this paper summarizes the reasons for repeated retreat of sci-tech periodical papers from three aspects:author, reviewer and editor, and puts forward the countermeasures.

Nature and pattern of primary teeth extractions in a tertiary care hospital setting in South India

Many studies have been carried out on the prevalence of dental diseases in children although not much information is available regarding its outcome among Indian children. Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the type of primary tooth extracted and the reasons for the extraction among children attending a tertiary care hospital in the Southern part of India. Materials and Methods: The dental records of pediatric patients who had visited the dental clinic of a tertiary care hospital located in Tamil Nadu, South India from December 2013 to November 2016 were reviewed. Patients who underwent extraction of at least one primary tooth under local or general anesthesia were included in the study. Results: A total of 943 primary teeth were extracted from 447 patients over 3 years. The most commonly extracted tooth type was the first primary molar followed by the primary central incisor. Grouping by age, the most frequently extracted tooth type between 2 and 5 years was the primary central incisor, the first primary molar among the 6–9-year-old and the second primary molar among 10–15-year-old. The majority of primary teeth extractions were performed in the age group of 6–9 years. No significant gender differences were noted. The most common reason for extraction of primary teeth in children was dental caries. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of untimely primary teeth extractions in young children and dental caries continues to be the leading cause. It clearly reflects on the lack of infant oral health care, the inadequacy of awareness and underutilization of oral health services among children in India.